Each node of the network placed over the safety gear (helmet wore statutorily by every miner) comprises of various sensors depending on the requirement with microcontroller unit and other low power accessories. This work introduces the application of mobile wireless sensor network in order to monitor a variety of parameters in underground mines which have life threatening effects towards them.
Wireless data and communication network is also not successful because wireless communication in underground mine is significantly more challenging than through air. Though many existing safety gadgets are there but they could not work reliably because of the typical nature of mines structure and production variability.
Among the various causes of accidents in underground mine, major one is presence of flammable and noxious gases. Worked Examples: Converting Percentage Concentration to ppmįollow these 4 steps to convert percentage concentration to parts.Underground mining production process is vulnerable and highly dynamic in nature. M/v (w/v) and m/m (w/w) concentrations and parts per million will be discussed in the following section (after the worked examples of percentage concentration and ppm below). V/v concentration is NOT the same as a %(v/v) concentration M/m concentration is NOT the same as a %(m/m) concentration W/v concentration is NOT the same as a %(w/v) concentration M/v concentration is NOT the same as a %(m/v) concentration Where x is the value of the percentage concentration This is true for other similar percentage concentrations:įor mass/volume percentage concentrations (m/v% or w/v%):įor mass/mass percentage concentrations (m/m% or w/w%): We could write a mathematical expression equating parts per hundred (a percentage) and parts per million (ppm) as shown below: How would we convert that to a concentration in parts per million (ppm) ? This means that there are 9 000 parts of NaCl in every 1 000 000 parts of the solution.īut the concentration of a solution is sometimes given as a percentage.Ī percentage concentration tells you how many parts of solute are present in 100 parts of solution.įor example, the ethanol content in wine is often given as about 12%(v/v), that is, 12% of the volume of the wine is ethanol, or, there are 12 parts of ethanol in every 100 parts of solution. Recall that, in general, concentration tells you how much solute is present in a solution.Ī concentration in parts per million (ppm) tells you how many parts of solute are present in 1 000 000 parts of solution.įor example, a saline solution is a dilute aqueous solution of sodium chloride, NaCl (aq), with a concentration of 9 000 ppm.
Parts per million and Percentage Concentration Calculations
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